Baby Safety / Compounds / APP

Is APP safe for babies and kids?

Very high risk for kids

Infants face disproportionate exposure to APP through dust ingestion (hand-to-mouth behavior), breast milk transfer, and dermal contact with treated textiles in cribs and car seats.

What is app?

The IUPAC name is ammonium polyphosphate.

Also known as: ammonium polyphosphate, Polyphosphoric acid ammonium salt, Alcophosp 200.

IUPAC name
ammonium polyphosphate
CAS number
68333-79-9
Molecular formula
(NH4PO3)n

Risk for babies

Very high risk

Infants face disproportionate exposure to APP through dust ingestion (hand-to-mouth behavior), breast milk transfer, and dermal contact with treated textiles in cribs and car seats.

Neonates and infants up to 12 months have incomplete blood-brain barrier development, immature Phase I/II metabolic enzymes (particularly CYP3A4, UGT1A1), and higher gastrointestinal permeability. Equivalent doses produce higher internal concentrations and longer residence times.

What to do: Minimize infant exposure through source control. For breastfeeding mothers: reduce maternal exposure. For formula-fed infants: use certified low-migration bottles and verified water sources. Consult pediatrician regarding any concerns.

Risk for pregnant and nursing people

High risk

Prenatal exposure to APP through dust inhalation and dietary intake can affect fetal thyroid function and neurodevelopment. Flame retardants accumulate in breast milk.

Suspected reproductive toxicant (GHS H361) or suspected endocrine disruptor. Precautionary approach warranted. Animal studies or limited human data suggest developmental toxicity potential.

What to do: Minimize exposure during pregnancy and lactation. Consult healthcare provider regarding specific risks. Consider alternative products with lower hazard profiles.

Regulatory consensus

3 regulatory and scientific bodies have classified APP. The classifications differ — that's the data.

AgencyYearClassificationNotes
REACH——No SVHC designation; safe and widely accepted
EPA——No regulatory restrictions; acceptable for use
EU——Permitted in certain food packaging applications

Regulators apply different standards of evidence — animal-data weighting, exposure-pattern assumptions, epidemiological power thresholds — which is why two scientific bodies can review the same data and reach different conclusions. The disagreement is the data.

Where kids encounter app

  • coatings
  • paints
  • adhesives
  • textiles
  • paper_composites
  • intumescent_materials

Safer alternatives

Lower-risk approaches that achieve a similar outcome to APP:

  • Inherently flame-resistant materials (wool, modacrylic, aramid fibers)
    Trade-offs: No additive required — flame resistance is intrinsic to the fiber chemistry; higher material cost; limited color/texture options for some fibers; eliminates FR migration and end-of-life FR contamination concerns.
    Relative cost: 1.2-2×
  • Mineral-based retardants (aluminum trihydroxide, magnesium hydroxide)
    Trade-offs: Non-halogenated; no toxic combustion gases (HCl, dioxins); requires higher loading (40-65% by weight vs 5-15% for halogenated FRs); affects material properties (density, flexibility, processability); cost-effective at scale.
    Relative cost: 1.2-2×
  • Design-based fire safety (barrier fabrics, reduced ignition propensity materials)
    Trade-offs: Eliminates chemical FR entirely through physical design (fire-blocking layers, reduced ignition propensity); requires redesign of existing products; effective per CPSC and TB 117-2013; adopted in California furniture regulation.
    Relative cost: 1.2-2×

Frequently asked questions

Is app safe for kids?

Infants face disproportionate exposure to APP through dust ingestion (hand-to-mouth behavior), breast milk transfer, and dermal contact with treated textiles in cribs and car seats.

What products contain app?

APP appears in: coatings; paints; adhesives.

What should I do if my child is exposed to app?

Minimize infant exposure through source control. For breastfeeding mothers: reduce maternal exposure. For formula-fed infants: use certified low-migration bottles and verified water sources. Consult pediatrician regarding any concerns.

See APP in the baby app

Look up products containing app, compare to alternatives, and explore the full data record.

Open in baby View raw API data

Sources (1)
  1. ATSDR Toxicological Profile — CAS 68333-79-9 — reference

Reference data, not professional advice. Aggregates publicly available regulatory and scientific data; not a substitute for veterinary, medical, legal, or regulatory advice. Why we built ALETHEIA →